Chicago is sometimes called the second-largest Polish city in the world after Warsaw, and the Polish-American population — roughly 9 million by ancestry, 500,000 by primary language — is spread from Chicago and Milwaukee across to New York, New Jersey, and the industrial Midwest. The Polish translation work we handle is mostly civil: birth, marriage, and baptism certificates for genealogy and Polish dual-citizenship applications, plus court documents and Polish school certificates being evaluated for US universities and trade licences. Poland itself has about 38 million Polish speakers.